The Echorank AEO Course, all lessons
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Module 1 · How answer engines decide · Lesson 1
What AEO is, and what “being the answer” means
Answer engine optimization is the work of making your brand easy for AI assistants to find, trust, recommend and describe correctly. It builds on SEO rather than replacing it.
Answer engine optimization (AEO) is the practice of making your brand easy for AI assistants to find, understand, trust and describe correctly, so that when someone asks a question you can answer, the assistant includes you in its reply. The short version: SEO earns you a place in a list; AEO earns you a place in the answer.
That difference sounds small and is not. A results page hands the searcher ten options and lets them choose. An assistant reads those options on the searcher's behalf, compresses them into a few sentences and usually names a handful of brands, or one. If you are not in those sentences, the searcher may never see your site at all.
AEO, SEO and GEO: one discipline, three lenses
You will meet three labels for overlapping work. SEO is optimising for classic search results. GEO, generative engine optimization, is the umbrella term for optimising for any system that generates an answer instead of listing pages. AEO focuses on the moment of the answer itself: the question a buyer asks and whether your brand is part of the reply. This course uses AEO because it keeps attention on the outcome, but the practical work is shared.
Most of what makes a site good for search still matters. Assistants that search the web before answering lean on pages a search engine can crawl, render and understand. What changes is the unit of success and the evidence that counts.
| Item | SEO | AEO |
|---|---|---|
| Goal | Rank a page for a query | Be named, recommended and described correctly in the answer |
| Unit of success | A position on a results page | A mention, a recommendation or a citation inside one answer |
| What you optimise | Pages, links and technical health | The same, plus clear facts, independent evidence and consistency across the web |
| How you measure | Rankings, impressions, clicks | A fixed panel of questions, scored answer by answer, over time |
What “being the answer” actually means
Being the answer is not a single yes or no. Echorank scores every answer in four stages, which this course calls MRCA: Mentioned, Recommended, Cited, Accurate. A brand can pass one stage and fail the next, and each failure has a different fix.
- Mentioned: the assistant names you at all.
- Recommended: it suggests you for the need in the question, not just in passing.
- Cited: it links to or names a page you own as a source.
- Accurate: what it says about you is true and current.
What AEO cannot promise
No one controls what an assistant says. Answers vary between runs of the same question, between platforms, between countries and languages, and from one month to the next as models and their sources change. AEO improves the odds that the evidence about you is findable, clear and consistent. It does not guarantee a mention, a ranking or a citation, and anyone who promises one is guessing.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind Dental is a fictional two-location practice. Its owner asks an assistant, “Which dentists near Riverside offer evening appointments for children?” The answer names two competitors and says Northwind “may offer family dentistry”. Northwind is mentioned but not recommended, no Northwind page is cited, and the answer misses the fact that it opens until eight on weekdays.
That one answer already tells the team where to look. The evening hours are on the site, but only in an image of the opening times, which a crawler cannot read. The practice profile on a major map listing still shows old hours. The fix list writes itself: put the hours in text, correct the profile, and add a short page about children's appointments that answers the question directly.
Where AEO fits in your week
AEO is not a separate channel with its own team. It is a lens over work you already do: content, technical health, reviews and reputation, PR and partnerships. The rest of this course walks through that work in order: how answers are built, how to measure where you stand, how to make your site answerable, how to earn evidence elsewhere, and how to run the whole thing as a program.
Key takeaways
- AEO is about being included, recommended and described correctly inside an AI answer, not ranking a page in a list.
- Score answers in four stages (Mentioned, Recommended, Cited, Accurate), because each failure has a different fix.
- Answers vary by run, platform, locale and date; treat each one as an observation and never promise an outcome.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: How answer engines decide for us
- Write the questions a buyer asks just before choosing a business like yours. Pick the three that matter most.
- Ask one of them in an assistant you use. Note whether your brand is mentioned, recommended, cited and described accurately.
- Write your one-line AEO goal in the worksheet, in the shape of Northwind's: who asks, what about, and which outcome you want.
Module 1 · How answer engines decide · Lesson 2
How AI answers are built
An assistant answers from what its model already knows, from pages it retrieves live, or from both. Understanding which one is in play tells you what you can influence.
An AI answer comes from two places: what the model learned during training, and what it retrieves from the web or another index at the moment you ask. Many answers mix both. Knowing which one an answer leans on tells you where your influence lies: you shape model knowledge slowly and indirectly, and you shape retrieval through pages that can be found and read today.
Model knowledge: what the assistant already believes
A language model is trained on a large body of text collected up to a cut-off date. From that text it learns associations: which brands appear with which problems, which descriptions recur, which claims are repeated by many independent sources. When an assistant answers without searching, it is drawing on those associations.
You cannot edit model knowledge directly, and changes reach it only when a model is retrained. What you can do is make sure the public record about you is consistent, specific and repeated by credible independent sources, so that the associations a future model learns are the right ones.
Live retrieval: what the assistant looks up
When an assistant searches before answering, it sends one or more queries to a search index, reads a selection of the results and writes its answer from them. This is where most short-term AEO work pays off, because the pages it retrieves are pages you can improve, and the answer often shows them as sources.
Retrieval is also where small technical problems hurt most. A page the crawler cannot render, a fact that lives only in an image, or a robots rule that blocks the bot all keep your evidence out of the pile the assistant reads from.
Fan-out: one question becomes several searches
Assistants rarely search for the exact words the user typed. A question with several parts is broken into narrower queries, each answered separately, and the results are combined. A buyer asking for the best CRM for a small sales team with a tight budget may trigger searches about small-team CRM features, pricing models, reviews and alternatives to one well-known product.
This matters because your page does not have to match the whole question. It has to be the best answer to one of the sub-questions. A clear pricing page, an honest comparison page or a specific feature page can each earn a place in the final answer by winning one branch.
| Knowledge source | What it is good for | How a brand influences it |
|---|---|---|
| Model knowledge | General explanations, well-known brands, stable facts | Slowly: consistent descriptions repeated by credible independent sources |
| Live web retrieval | Current details, local options, comparisons, prices | Directly: crawlable, specific pages that answer the sub-questions |
| Structured listings and profiles | Hours, locations, categories, ratings | Keep every profile complete, current and consistent |
| The conversation itself | The user's constraints and follow-ups | Not at all; this is why prompts with context behave differently |
Why answers change from run to run
Generation involves sampling, so the same model can phrase the same answer differently and pick different examples. Retrieval adds more variation: search results shift, the assistant may choose different sub-queries, and the sources it reads change as the web changes. Location, language, account settings and earlier messages in the conversation all play a part.
Worked example: Lumen CRM
Lumen CRM is a fictional CRM for small sales teams. Its marketer asks an assistant, “What's a good CRM for a five-person sales team that needs email tracking and costs less than our current tool?” The answer recommends three products, not Lumen, and cites a comparison article and two pricing pages.
Working backwards, the team lists the likely sub-questions: CRMs for small sales teams, CRMs with email tracking, affordable CRM pricing, and alternatives to the product they named. Lumen has a strong feature page for email tracking but no public pricing page and no honest comparison page. Two of the four branches have nothing from Lumen to retrieve. That is the gap to close first, and it is far more useful than a general wish to “appear in AI”.
Key takeaways
- Answers draw on model knowledge, live retrieval or both; retrieval is where page-level work pays off soonest.
- One question fans out into several narrower searches, so a page only needs to win one branch.
- Variation between runs is normal; measure frequency across repeated, logged runs.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: How answer engines decide for us
- Take the most important buyer question from lesson 1.
- Write the four or five narrower questions an assistant would need to answer to reply well.
- For each sub-question, note the page on your site that answers it best, or write “none”. The “none” rows go in your worksheet as gaps.
Module 1 · How answer engines decide · Lesson 3
Answer engines compared
ChatGPT, Gemini and Google's AI features, Perplexity, Claude and Copilot each find and show sources differently. Results from one do not transfer to another.
Each answer engine has its own index, its own way of deciding when to search and its own way of showing sources. A brand recommended in one can be absent from another for the same question. Track the engines your buyers actually use, check each one separately, and expect the details below to change: these products are updated often.
- Shows citations?
- Usually, when it searches
- Typical use
- General questions, research, comparisons
- What to check first
- Whether your pages appear as sources on searched answers
- Shows citations?
- Yes, linked sources
- Typical use
- Questions asked in Google Search
- What to check first
- That your key pages are indexed and eligible in Google Search
- Shows citations?
- Sometimes, when grounded in search
- Typical use
- Assistant-style questions
- What to check first
- How it describes your brand without a search
- Shows citations?
- Yes, prominently
- Typical use
- Research-style questions
- What to check first
- Which of your pages, if any, are read
- Shows citations?
- When web search is enabled
- Typical use
- Analysis, writing, research
- What to check first
- Accuracy of the brand description from model knowledge
- Shows citations?
- Yes, alongside answers
- Typical use
- Work and search questions
- What to check first
- Results grounded in a different index from Google's
The engines, one at a time
ChatGPT
ChatGPT answers from model knowledge and, when it decides a question needs current information or the user asks it to, searches the web. Searched answers usually carry links to their sources. Its crawlers are documented separately for search and for training, which matters in lesson 7.
Gemini, Google AI Overviews and AI Mode
Google's AI features sit on top of Google Search. AI Overviews appear above classic results for some queries and link to the pages they draw on. AI Mode is a conversational search experience with links in the answer. The Gemini assistant can also ground answers in Google Search. If your pages are not eligible for Google Search, they are unlikely to appear in these features.
Perplexity
Perplexity is built around search. Almost every answer is assembled from retrieved pages and shows its sources prominently, which makes it a useful place to see which of your pages, if any, are being read.
Claude
Claude answers from model knowledge and, where web search is enabled, from pages it retrieves, citing them in the answer. Whether search is on depends on the product and the user's settings, so the same question can behave differently for different people.
Copilot
Microsoft Copilot grounds many answers in web search and shows citations alongside them. It draws on a different search index from Google's, which is one reason results do not match across engines.
| Engine | Shows citations? | Typical use | What to check first |
|---|---|---|---|
| ChatGPT | Usually, when it searches | General questions, research, comparisons | Whether your pages appear as sources on searched answers |
| Google AI Overviews and AI Mode | Yes, linked sources | Questions asked in Google Search | That your key pages are indexed and eligible in Google Search |
| Gemini | Sometimes, when grounded in search | Assistant-style questions | How it describes your brand without a search |
| Perplexity | Yes, prominently | Research-style questions | Which of your pages, if any, are read |
| Claude | When web search is enabled | Analysis, writing, research | Accuracy of the brand description from model knowledge |
| Copilot | Yes, alongside answers | Work and search questions | Results grounded in a different index from Google's |
Why one result set does not transfer
Three things differ between engines: the index each one searches, the rules each one uses to decide when to search at all, and the sources each one tends to trust. A page that is well indexed in one search engine may be thin or missing in another. A brand that is well represented in training data may still lose a searched answer to a fresher page. That is why a single blended score across engines is less useful than a per-engine view.
When engines disagree about you
Disagreement between engines is a clue, not noise. If one engine describes you correctly and another does not, compare the sources each one shows. Often the wrong answer traces back to a single outdated page: an old directory listing, a stale review profile or a press article about a product you have since renamed. Fixing that source can correct more than one engine at once.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind asks its reception team which tools patients mention. Most say they searched Google; a few younger parents mention ChatGPT. Northwind tracks Google AI Overviews and ChatGPT first. In Google's answer it is mentioned through its map profile; in ChatGPT it is not mentioned at all for the same question, because the searched answer leans on a directory page where Northwind's listing is incomplete. Two engines, two different fixes.
Key takeaways
- Each engine has its own index, search rules and way of showing sources.
- A result in one engine says little about another; report engines separately.
- Start with the engines your buyers actually use, and re-check behaviour regularly because products change.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: How answer engines decide for us
- Ask five recent customers, or your sales and support teams, which assistants buyers mention.
- Pick two or three engines to track first and write one sentence on why each matters.
- Ask your top buyer question in each one and note how each shows its sources.
Module 2 · Measure where you stand · Lesson 4
Build your prompt panel
A prompt panel is a fixed set of real buyer questions you ask the same way, on the same engines, on a schedule. It is the measuring stick for everything else in this course.
A prompt panel is the fixed list of questions you put to answer engines on a schedule, worded the same way every time. Start with 20 to 30 prompts chosen from the decisions your buyers actually make, label each one by type and journey stage, and log the platform, locale and date of every run. Without a stable panel, you cannot tell whether a change in answers came from your work or from chance.
Start from decisions, not keywords
Keyword lists describe what people type into a search box. Prompts describe what people ask an assistant, which is longer, more specific and full of context: who they are, what they need, what they have already tried. Begin with the decisions a buyer makes on the way to choosing you. Which problem do they have? Which kinds of solution do they consider? What do they compare? What do they need to verify before they commit?
Sales calls, support tickets, reviews and your own site search are the best raw material. Write prompts in the buyer's words, with a realistic constraint or two, and avoid stuffing them with your product terms.
Four kinds of prompt, measured separately
| Prompt type | Example | What it measures |
|---|---|---|
| Unbranded | Which family dentists near Riverside see children in the evening? | Whether you are named at all when nobody mentions you |
| Comparison | Lumen CRM or a bigger suite for a five-person sales team? | How you are framed against named alternatives |
| Branded | Does Lumen CRM track replies to sales emails? | Whether specific facts about you are complete and correct |
| Fact-check | What are Northwind Dental's opening hours on weekdays? | Whether a precise, checkable claim matches your own records |
Mixing these types into one number makes visibility look better than it is: branded prompts mention you by definition. Keep unbranded prompts as the core of the panel, because they show whether assistants reach for you without being told your name.
Keep the wording stable
Once a prompt is in the panel, do not edit it. Small wording changes can change the answer, and an edited prompt breaks the history you are trying to build. When you want to test a variation, add it as a new, named prompt and keep the original running beside it.
Log every run
For each answer, record the engine, the locale and language, the date, whether you were logged in, and the full text of the answer with any sources it showed. That sounds like a lot; it is what turns a pile of screenshots into evidence. Answers vary between runs, so repeat each prompt more than once per cycle and look at how often an outcome occurs rather than at any single answer.
Worked example: Lumen CRM
Lumen CRM's team pulls twenty recent sales-call notes and highlights the questions prospects asked before booking a demo. They group them into four stages: noticing the problem (“why do deals stall after the first call?”), exploring solutions (“what kind of CRM suits a five-person team?”), comparing (“Lumen or a bigger suite?”) and verifying (“does Lumen integrate with our email?”).
They end up with twenty-four prompts: fourteen unbranded, four comparison, three branded and three fact-check. Each gets an id such as SOL-03, a stage and a type. They run the panel on two engines, twice each, and log the results in a shared sheet. The first run is their baseline; nothing is changed on the site until it is recorded.
How big should the panel be?
Big enough to cover your important decisions, small enough that someone reads every answer. Twenty to thirty prompts is a practical start for one product or location. Add prompts when you launch something new or enter a new market, not because a larger number looks more thorough. A panel nobody reads is worse than a short one somebody acts on.
Key takeaways
- Build the panel from buyer decisions and real questions, not keyword lists.
- Measure unbranded, comparison, branded and fact-check prompts separately.
- Freeze wording, log engine, locale and date, and repeat runs to see trends rather than single answers.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Prompt panel and baseline
- List the four journey stages for your buyers and write at least five prompts per stage in their words.
- Label each prompt unbranded, comparison, branded or fact-check, and keep unbranded prompts the largest group.
- Give every prompt an id and copy the panel into your worksheet. Run it once on your chosen engines and save the answers as your baseline.
Module 2 · Measure where you stand · Lesson 5
The MRCA scorecard
Score every answer in four stages: Mentioned, Recommended, Cited, Accurate. The stage where a brand drops out tells you which fix to make.
Score every answer in four stages, in order: was your brand Mentioned, was it Recommended for the need, was one of your own pages Cited, and was what the answer said about you Accurate? This is Echorank's MRCA scorecard. It replaces a single visibility number with four answers, and the stage where you drop out points to the fix.
The four stages
| Stage | Definition | Counts when | Does not count when | Typical fix |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentioned | Your brand is named in the answer | Your name appears anywhere in the reply | Only a competitor list you link to mentions you | Clear entity information; presence on sources assistants read |
| Recommended | You are suggested for the need asked about | The answer advises choosing or considering you | You appear only in passing or as a counter-example | Specific pages for each use case; independent evidence such as reviews |
| Cited | A page you own is shown as a source | Your domain is linked or named as a source | Only third-party pages about you are cited | Crawlable, answer-first pages that win a sub-question |
| Accurate | What is said about you is true and current | Every claim matches your own dated records | Prices, hours, features or names are wrong or stale | Correct the source the answer relied on; keep facts in text, dated |
Score stages in order, but record each one independently. An answer can cite your page while recommending someone else, or recommend you while getting your prices wrong. Those combinations are the most useful findings in the whole exercise.
Competitor presence and share of answers
Your score means little on its own. For every answer, also record which other brands were mentioned and recommended. Over a cycle, share of answers is the number of answers that recommend you divided by the number of answers that recommend anyone. It shows whether you are gaining ground against named alternatives, which your own score alone cannot.
Scoring rules that keep the numbers honest
- Score branded prompts separately: they mention you by definition and would inflate the Mentioned stage.
- A mention inside a list of ten is still a mention; a recommendation needs the answer to steer toward you.
- Cited means your own domain. Reviews, directories and press about you count as evidence, not citations of you.
- Accuracy needs a source of truth: compare every claim with a dated internal record, and mark uncertain claims as unverified rather than guessing.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind runs its panel twice on two engines. For “Which dentists near Riverside see children in the evening?” the scores look like this. Mentioned: yes in most runs. Recommended: rarely; a competitor with many recent reviews is usually suggested first. Cited: never; the answers cite a directory and the competitor's site. Accurate: no; the hours quoted are last year's.
The scorecard turns that into three separate jobs. Accuracy comes first, because wrong hours send patients to a closed door: update the directory listing and put the hours in text on the site. Citation comes next: publish a page about children's appointments that answers the question in its first paragraph. Recommendation is the slow one, and lessons 9 and 10 cover the evidence that moves it.
A simple scoring sheet
One row per answer is enough: prompt id, engine, locale, date, run number, then a yes or no for each MRCA stage, the competitors mentioned, the competitors recommended, the sources shown and a note on anything inaccurate. Keep the full answer text in a linked column. A plain shared sheet works; what matters is that every answer is scored the same way by the same rules.
Reading a scorecard over time
One cycle gives you a baseline, not a verdict. After each cycle, compare stage by stage and engine by engine. Look for answers that moved from one stage to the next, and tie each movement to the change you made. When nothing moves after several cycles, revisit the diagnosis rather than doing more of the same.
Key takeaways
- MRCA scores four separate outcomes: Mentioned, Recommended, Cited, Accurate.
- Track competitors and share of answers, per engine and per prompt type.
- The stage where you drop out tells you which fix to make; accuracy problems come first.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Prompt panel and baseline
- Score every baseline answer from lesson 4 on the four MRCA stages, plus the competitors mentioned and recommended.
- Count, per engine, how many unbranded answers reached each stage.
- Write in your worksheet the stage where you drop out most often, and the first fix you will try.
Module 3 · Make your site answerable · Lesson 6
What machines actually read
Many AI crawlers read the raw HTML your server sends and do not run JavaScript. Content that appears only after scripts run may be invisible to them.
What you see in a browser is not always what a crawler receives. A browser downloads the page's HTML, runs its JavaScript and builds the final page. Many AI crawlers stop at the first step: they read the HTML the server sends and do not run scripts. Anything that only appears after JavaScript runs may be missing from what they read, and an assistant cannot quote what it never saw.
Raw HTML versus the rendered page
The raw HTML is the text your server returns for a URL, before any script runs. The rendered page is what exists after the browser has run every script, fetched data and filled in the template. On a server-rendered site the two are nearly identical. On a site that builds its content in the browser, the raw HTML can be an almost empty shell with a script tag.
Where content hides
| Content location | Visible to non-rendering crawlers? | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Text in the server's HTML response | Yes | Keep it there; this is the target state |
| Text injected by JavaScript after load | No | Render it on the server or at build time |
| Text inside images, including charts of prices or hours | No | Repeat the facts in text near the image |
| Tabs and accordions present in the HTML but hidden | Usually yes | Fine, if the text is in the HTML; check it |
| Content behind a login, form or cookie wall | No | Publish a public version of what buyers need to know |
| Text loaded on scroll or by clicking “load more” | No | Put the first, most important part in the initial HTML |
How to check a page
- Open the page and view its source (not the inspector, which shows the rendered page).
- Search the source for a sentence you care about: a price, your opening hours, the first line of your product description.
- If the sentence is not in the source, a non-rendering crawler does not get it.
- Repeat for your most important page types: home, product or service pages, pricing, locations, and your best answers to buyer questions.
Fixes, from cheapest to most thorough
The cheapest fix is often to repeat a few key facts in plain text: the hours under the image of the opening times, the price beside the interactive calculator. Next comes rendering the important sections on the server while keeping interactive parts in the browser. Most modern frameworks can do this page by page. The thorough fix is server-side or static rendering for every page that answers a buyer question.
Whatever you change, check the raw HTML again afterwards. It is easy to fix the visible page and leave the source exactly as it was.
Worked example: Lumen CRM
Lumen CRM's pricing page loads its plans from an API after the page opens, so the raw HTML contains a heading and an empty container. The comparison table on the features page is built the same way. In the team's scorecard, assistants describe Lumen's pricing vaguely or not at all, and never cite the pricing page.
The developers move the plan names, what each includes and the billing terms into the server response, and keep only the currency switcher in the browser. They do the same for the comparison table. Viewing the source now shows every plan in text. The team notes the date of the change in the worksheet so the next scorecard cycles can be read against it.
What not to do
Do not show crawlers different content from what people see. Serving a special text-only version to bots, with claims your visitors never read, is cloaking, and it undermines the trust you are trying to build. The goal is one page that people and machines can both read in full.
Key takeaways
- Many AI crawlers read only the server's HTML and do not run JavaScript.
- Check the page source, not the rendered page, for the facts that matter.
- Move key text into the server response, template by template, and never show bots something people cannot see.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Site fixes
- Pick one page of each important type on your site.
- View the source of each and search for its key facts: name, price or hours, the main claim.
- List every page type where a key fact is missing from the source, with the fix you will ask for.
Module 3 · Make your site answerable · Lesson 7
Crawler access: robots.txt, AI user agents and llms.txt
Decide, agent by agent, which AI crawlers may read your site and for what purpose, then check that your CDN and firewall respect that decision.
Your robots.txt file tells crawlers which parts of your site they may fetch. AI companies operate several crawlers with different purposes: some collect pages for model training, others fetch pages so an assistant can answer a question with current sources. Decide for each one whether you want it, write that decision in robots.txt, and then check that your CDN or firewall is not silently overriding it.
Search purposes and training purposes
The distinction matters because the trade-off is different. Blocking a crawler that fetches pages for search answers can remove you from those answers. Blocking a crawler that collects training data affects what future models learn from your pages, not today's searched answers. Several operators now document separate user agents for the two purposes, so you can make the decisions independently.
| User agent | Operator | Purpose | Decision to make |
|---|---|---|---|
| OAI-SearchBot | OpenAI | Finds pages to show in ChatGPT's search answers | Allow if you want to appear as a source in those answers |
| GPTBot | OpenAI | Collects pages that may be used to train models | Allow or block based on your stance on training |
| ClaudeBot | Anthropic | Collects pages that may be used to train models | Allow or block based on your stance on training |
| PerplexityBot | Perplexity | Indexes pages for Perplexity's answers | Allow if you want to appear in those answers |
| Google-Extended | A robots.txt token controlling use of content for Gemini models; it does not change Google Search | Decide on model use separately from Search | |
| Googlebot | Crawls for Google Search, which AI Overviews and AI Mode draw on | Keep allowed if you want to be in Google Search |
Writing the rules
Each rule names a user agent and the paths it may not fetch. A blanket “disallow everything” for an agent blocks it entirely; an empty disallow allows it. Keep the rules simple and comment why each one exists, so the next person to edit the file understands the decision. After any change, request the live robots.txt from your domain and confirm the server returns exactly what you wrote.
The blocks you did not choose
Many sites block AI crawlers without anyone deciding to. Bot-protection settings on a CDN or web application firewall can challenge or block unfamiliar agents by default, and the crawler gets an error page instead of your content while robots.txt says it is welcome. Check your CDN's bot settings for rules that mention AI crawlers, and confirm with your logs.
Reading your bot logs
Your server or CDN logs record every request, including the user agent and the response code. Filter them for the AI user agents in the table. Requests that receive a success response are reaching your content; challenge pages, forbidden responses or no requests at all point to a block. Be aware that a user agent string can be faked, so treat logs as a signal and use the operators' published verification methods when it matters.
What about llms.txt?
llms.txt is a proposed plain-text file at the root of a site that summarises the site and links to its most useful pages, written for language models. It is easy to publish and does no harm.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind's robots.txt is a template from its web agency and blocks nothing. Its logs, though, show no requests from OAI-SearchBot or PerplexityBot at all, and a handful of challenge responses for GPTBot. The CDN's bot-protection mode is set to challenge unfamiliar agents. Northwind decides to allow the search crawlers and Googlebot and to block training crawlers, writes that into robots.txt with comments, and adds allow rules for the search agents in the CDN. A week later, the logs show successful requests from both search crawlers.
Key takeaways
- AI crawlers serve different purposes; decide search access and training access separately.
- robots.txt states your decision, but CDN and firewall settings can override it, so check your logs.
- llms.txt is an unproven experiment; it is no substitute for crawlable pages.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Site fixes
- Open your live robots.txt and list every rule that mentions an AI user agent.
- For each agent in the lesson's table, write allow or block, the reason and today's date.
- Check your CDN bot settings and a week of logs for those agents, and note any block you did not choose.
Module 3 · Make your site answerable · Lesson 8
Writing answer-ready pages
Put the answer first, make each passage stand on its own, name things explicitly, date what changes, and keep structured data true to the visible page.
An answer-ready page states its answer in the first paragraph, explains it in passages that make sense when quoted alone, names products, places and dates explicitly, and backs claims with specifics. Assistants read pages in pieces and quote the pieces that answer a sub-question cleanly. Write so that any paragraph could be lifted out and still be correct.
Answer first
Open with the direct answer to the question the page exists for, in plain words, then give the detail. A page about children's appointments starts with who you see, when and where, not with the history of the practice. This helps readers as much as machines: someone who arrives from an answer wants confirmation fast.
Self-contained passages
Assistants often retrieve a passage rather than a whole page. A passage that depends on the heading above it, or that refers to “it” and “this plan” without saying which, loses its meaning when quoted. Repeat the subject in each section, keep one idea per paragraph and put the important fact in the sentence itself rather than in a link.
| Weak pattern | Why it fails | Answer-ready rewrite |
|---|---|---|
| “Welcome to our world of smiles!” as the opening line | Says nothing a question could be answered with | “Northwind Dental sees children on weekday evenings at both Riverside locations.” |
| “It's included in this plan.” | “It” and “this plan” mean nothing out of context | “Email reply tracking is included in Lumen CRM's Team plan.” |
| Prices or hours only in an image | Crawlers cannot read text inside images | The same facts in a short text list beside the image |
| “Recently updated our features” | No date, so no way to judge freshness | “Updated in March: shared inboxes for teams.” |
| A long FAQ with marketing answers | Answers dodge the question | Short, direct answers that start with yes, no or the fact |
Explicit entities and dates
Use full names the first time: your brand, the product, the city, the standard you meet. Write the date next to anything that changes, such as prices, opening hours, availability and feature lists. A dated fact can be trusted or flagged as stale; an undated one forces the reader, human or machine, to guess.
Comparisons, tables and FAQs
Buyers ask comparison questions constantly, and the pages that answer them honestly tend to be the ones retrieved. Publish comparison pages that explain trade-offs fairly, including when a competitor is the better fit. Put specifications and plan differences in real HTML tables, not images. Add an FAQ where people genuinely ask the questions, with answers that begin with the answer.
Structured data that matches the page
schema.org markup describes a page in a machine-readable form: an organisation, a local business with its hours, a product with its offers, a set of questions and answers. It helps machines identify what the page is about. It must describe what the page visibly shows. Markup that claims reviews, prices or answers the visitor cannot see is misleading, and search engines treat it as a violation.
Refresh what goes stale
Keep a list of pages whose facts change: pricing, hours, team, feature lists, policies. Review them on a schedule, update the date when you change them, and remove or redirect pages about products you no longer sell. A stale page that ranks well can keep feeding wrong facts into answers long after you changed your offer.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind's children's dentistry page opens with three paragraphs about the founder. The rewrite opens with one sentence answering the question parents ask: which locations see children, on which evenings, and how to book. Below it, a short list gives the hours in text, a table compares the two locations, and an FAQ answers what parents actually ask at reception. The page's LocalBusiness markup lists the same hours the page shows, and the page carries the date it was last reviewed.
Key takeaways
- Lead with the answer and make every passage make sense when quoted alone.
- Name entities and date anything that changes; put comparisons and specs in real tables.
- Structured data must match the visible page, and stale pages need a review schedule.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Site fixes
- Pick the three pages that should answer your most important unbranded prompts.
- For each, write the one-sentence answer it should open with, and list the facts that need dates.
- Note in the worksheet which weak patterns from the table each page has, and the owner of each rewrite.
Module 4 · Earn trust beyond your site · Lesson 9
Reviews and reputation as evidence
For “best X near me” and “is X any good” questions, assistants lean on what customers and directories say about you. Review recency, responses and consistent business facts are evidence you can improve honestly.
When someone asks an assistant which business to choose, the answer needs evidence that does not come from the business itself. Reviews and public profiles are often that evidence. How many reviews you have, how recent they are, whether you reply, and whether your name, address, hours and services match everywhere all shape what an assistant can say about you. This is Echorank's home ground, and it is the part of AEO where honest, steady work pays off.
Why reputation shows up in answers
Questions like “best family dentist near me” or “is Lumen CRM any good” are requests for a judgement. An assistant answering them looks for independent signals that support one: what customers say, what directories and review platforms list, how a business responds to criticism. A business that describes itself as excellent is making a claim; many recent customers saying so is evidence.
The signals that matter
| Reputation signal | Where it lives | How to improve it honestly |
|---|---|---|
| Review recency | Map profiles, review platforms, app stores | Ask every customer at the right moment, steadily, not in bursts |
| Review volume | The same platforms | Make asking part of the process; never buy or incentivise reviews |
| Responses to reviews | Under each review | Reply to positive and negative reviews, specifically and calmly |
| Consistent business facts | Profiles, directories, your own site | One source of truth for name, address, hours and services, copied everywhere |
| What reviews actually say | Review text | Fix the recurring problems customers describe; the text follows |
Inconsistent facts: the quiet problem
Over the years a business accumulates listings: a map profile, a few directories, an industry association page, an old platform it no longer uses. When those disagree on hours, address, phone number or services, an assistant has to choose, and it may choose wrong. Inconsistency also weakens the link between the listings and you, so the evidence is spread thinner.
- Write one source-of-truth record: legal and trading name, address, phone, hours, services, website.
- Search for your business name on the platforms your buyers use and list every profile you find.
- Compare each profile with the record and correct, claim or close the ones that disagree.
- Repeat when anything changes, and put the date of the change in the record.
Never fake, buy or gate reviews
Fake reviews, paid reviews and review gating, which means asking only happy customers to post publicly, break the rules of the major platforms, and in many places consumer-protection law too. They also defeat the point: evidence that is manufactured is not evidence. Ask every customer the same way, make it easy, and let the mix of reviews reflect reality. Then use what customers tell you to improve, and reply to criticism in public.
Worked example: Northwind Dental
Northwind's scorecard showed it mentioned but rarely recommended, with a competitor preferred in most answers. Its evidence map tells the story. The map profile has reviews, but the newest is several months old. One directory lists the old Saturday hours. A health directory has the practice under a former name. Nobody has replied to a review in a year.
The plan: a review request card handed to every patient at checkout and a follow-up message the next day, the same for everyone. A weekly half-hour to reply to every new review. The directory hours corrected and the old listing merged into the current one. Two months later the newest review is days old, every profile matches the source-of-truth record, and the team watches the Recommended stage in the scorecard for the effect.
Key takeaways
- For judgement questions, assistants lean on independent evidence such as reviews and profiles.
- Keep one source-of-truth record and make every profile and directory match it.
- Grow reviews steadily and honestly; fake, paid or gated reviews are prohibited and self-defeating.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Evidence beyond our site
- Write your source-of-truth record: name, address, phone, hours, services and website.
- List every profile and directory listing you can find and mark each one matches or differs.
- Write down how and when you will ask every customer for a review, and who replies to reviews each week.
Module 4 · Earn trust beyond your site · Lesson 10
Mentions, communities and video
Independent coverage, honest comparison pages, helpful community answers and well-structured video all add evidence about you. Earn them; do not seed them.
Assistants look for agreement between independent sources. When editors, comparison writers, community members and video creators describe your brand the same way you do, an assistant has more to go on and more reason to recommend you. You cannot buy that agreement. You earn it by being worth mentioning, making the facts easy to find and correcting errors when you see them.
Three rings of evidence
Think of the evidence about you in three rings. Owned: your site, your profiles, your documentation. Earned: editorial coverage, reviews by independent writers, comparison and “best of” pages, interviews and awards. Community: forums, question-and-answer sites, social discussions and user groups where buyers talk to each other. Lessons 6 to 8 covered the owned ring. This lesson is about the other two.
| Channel | What earns a mention | What to avoid |
|---|---|---|
| Editorial coverage | News, data you publish yourself, useful expertise, a clear story | Paid placements dressed up as editorial |
| Comparison and “best of” pages | Accurate facts sent to the writer, honest trial access | Paying for a slot without disclosure |
| Community answers | Staff answering openly, with their affiliation stated | Anonymous accounts praising your own product |
| Video | Clear titles, chapters and captions on genuinely useful videos | Thin videos made only to be indexed |
| Partners and integrations | Listings in partner directories and marketplaces | Link swaps with irrelevant sites |
Editorial and comparison coverage
Writers covering your category need accurate, current facts and something worth saying. Give them both: a press page with plain facts, dates and images, and a reason to write, such as original findings from your own data or a genuinely new capability. For comparison pages, contact the author with corrections and trial access rather than complaints, and accept that an honest comparison will sometimes recommend someone else for some buyers.
Communities: earn, do not seed
Community discussions are read by people and increasingly by assistants. The only durable way to appear in them is to be useful there under your own name. Encourage staff who know the product to answer questions openly, state who they work for and help even when the answer is not your product.
Video that machines can read
A video's pictures and sound are hard for a text-based system to use. Its title, description, chapters and captions are not. Give each video a descriptive title, a summary in the description, chapters with plain labels and accurate captions, and publish a written version of what is said on the page that hosts it. That turns a video into text an assistant can read and quote.
Partners and integrations
If your product works with other products, the partner directories and marketplaces that list those integrations are independent pages describing what you do. Keep your listings complete and current, use the same product names as your own site, and ask partners to describe the integration accurately on their side. These pages are easy to overlook and easy to fix.
Correcting third-party errors
When your scorecard finds an inaccurate answer, look at its sources. Often the error comes from a third-party page: an old review of a product version you replaced, a directory with your former address, a comparison with last year's prices. Contact the publisher with the correct fact, a source for it and a polite request. Keep a log of the requests and their outcomes, and re-check the answer after the page changes.
Worked example: Lumen CRM
Lumen is missing from most comparison answers, and the sources those answers cite are three “best CRM for small teams” articles that do not include it. The team writes to each author with a short fact sheet and a trial account. One adds Lumen in an update; one replies that the list is closed; one does not reply. Meanwhile two support engineers start answering small-team CRM questions in a public user forum under their own names. The team logs every contact and watches the comparison prompts in the scorecard.
Key takeaways
- Assistants look for agreement between independent sources; earn it rather than manufacture it.
- Video becomes readable evidence through titles, chapters, captions and a written version.
- Trace inaccurate answers to their sources and ask the publishers, politely and with evidence, to correct them.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Evidence beyond our site
- From your scorecard, list the third-party pages that answers cite for your most important prompts.
- Mark each one: includes you correctly, includes you with errors, or leaves you out.
- Write the contact and request for each, and one community where your team will answer questions openly.
Module 5 · Run it as a program · Lesson 11
Attribution and reporting
AI referrals show up in analytics only partly. Combine them with bot activity, a “how did you hear about us” question and your MRCA trend, and report monthly.
No single number shows what AI answers do for your business. Analytics captures some visits that come from AI assistants and misses others. Bot logs show which AI crawlers read your pages. Asking customers how they heard about you catches influence that never produced a click. Your MRCA scorecard shows whether answers are moving. Report all four together each month, with their blind spots written next to them.
AI referrals in analytics
When someone clicks a source link in an AI answer, the visit often arrives with the assistant's domain as the referrer, and your analytics can group those visits into their own channel. Set up that grouping once, using the referrer domains of the engines you track, and keep the list up to date as products change their domains.
The four sources of evidence
| Metric | Question it answers | Blind spot | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI referral visits | Do answers send people to the site? | Misses visits without a referrer and answers that end without a click | Your web analytics |
| AI bot activity | Are AI crawlers reading our pages? | Shows reading, not whether anything was used in an answer | Server or CDN logs |
| Self-reported attribution | Did an assistant influence the decision? | Depends on memory and on the options you offer | A question on forms or at sign-up |
| MRCA trend | Are answers moving in our favour? | Covers only the prompts in your panel | Your scorecard |
| Branded search demand | Are more people looking for us by name? | Many things move it besides AI answers | Search console and analytics |
Ask people how they heard about you
A short question on a demo form, at checkout or at the first appointment, such as “How did you hear about us?”, catches influence analytics cannot see. Offer an option for AI assistants and a free-text field. Expect the answers to be imperfect: people forget and simplify. Read them as a direction, compare them over time, and never treat them as precise.
Bot activity as an early signal
Requests from AI crawlers that fetch for search show that your pages are being read. A new page that receives no such requests weeks after publishing may be blocked or undiscovered. Bot activity is a leading indicator for the Cited stage, not a result in itself.
Who the report is for
Write the report for the people who decide what happens next: whoever owns the website, content, reviews and the budget. They need to know what moved, why you think it moved and what you are asking them to do. A line such as “the pricing page is now cited in one engine since the rendering fix; next, the same fix for the features page” is worth more than a chart nobody can act on.
What not to claim
Resist turning partial signals into a single return-on-investment figure. AI influence is real and hard to measure, and an invented number undermines the honest parts of the report. Say what you observed, what it suggests and what you do not yet know.
Worked example: Lumen CRM
Lumen's first monthly report fits on a page. At the top, the MRCA stages for the unbranded prompts on two engines, this month against the baseline. Below, share of answers against the four tracked competitors. Then AI referral visits from analytics, labelled “a floor”, and the count of trial sign-ups that chose “an AI assistant” in the new how-did-you-hear question. Then bot requests to the rewritten pricing page since the server-rendering fix. Last, three changes made this month and three planned for next month. The report makes no revenue claim, and says so.
The illustration above shows the shape of such a report. Its bars and lines are placeholders, not data: your own numbers belong there.
Key takeaways
- AI referral traffic is a floor; many answers influence buyers without a click.
- Combine analytics, bot activity, self-reported attribution and the MRCA trend, each with its blind spot.
- Report monthly on one page and never invent a precise return figure.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Running the program
- Set up an analytics channel grouping for the referrer domains of the engines you track.
- Add a “How did you hear about us?” question with an AI assistant option to one form.
- Draft your one-page monthly report template in the worksheet, with a blind spot beside each metric.
Module 5 · Run it as a program · Lesson 12
Your 90-day AEO plan
Turn the course into a program: a first week of setup, a 30, 60 and 90-day rhythm, a process for wrong answers about your brand, and clear rules for when to re-baseline.
An AEO program is a rhythm, not a project. In the first week, set up the measuring stick: engines, prompt panel and baseline scorecard. In the first 30 days, fix what is broken: access, rendering and wrong facts. By day 60, improve the pages that answer your weakest prompts and start the evidence work. By day 90, report the trend, decide what worked and plan the next quarter.
The first week
- Choose the engines to track, from what your buyers use (lesson 3).
- Build and freeze the prompt panel (lesson 4).
- Run the baseline and score it on the four MRCA stages (lesson 5).
- Check crawler access, CDN settings and your source-of-truth record (lessons 7 and 9).
- Name an owner for each part of the plan and a date for the first monthly report.
The 30, 60, 90-day rhythm
| Phase | Focus | Deliverable | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | Engines, prompt panel, baseline | Frozen panel and scored baseline | Marketing lead |
| Days 1–30 | Access, rendering, wrong facts | Crawler decisions applied; key facts in text; profiles consistent | Web team and operations |
| Days 31–60 | Answer-ready pages and evidence | Rewritten pages for the weakest prompts; review and outreach routines running | Content and customer teams |
| Days 61–90 | Measure and decide | Monthly reports, a stage-by-stage comparison with the baseline, next-quarter plan | Marketing lead |
When an answer about you is wrong
Wrong or outdated answers will happen. Treat them as incidents with a simple routine. First, record the answer with its engine, locale, date and sources. Second, find the source of the error: your own page, a profile, a third-party article, or no visible source at all. Third, correct what you control and ask publishers to correct what you do not. Fourth, make the right fact easy to find in text on your own site, with a date. Fifth, re-check the prompt in later cycles rather than the next day, because answers change on their own schedule.
When to re-baseline
A baseline is useful only while the conditions behind it hold. Re-baseline, meaning run the full panel fresh and start a new comparison, when you add or retire many prompts, when you launch a major product or enter a new market, when you start tracking a new engine, or when an engine changes its product in a way that clearly changes its answers. Keep the old history; just stop comparing new results with it directly.
Worked example: Northwind Dental's quarter
Northwind's first week produces a panel of twenty-two prompts on two engines and a baseline: mentioned in most answers, rarely recommended, never cited, hours wrong. In the first month it fixes the hours everywhere, puts them in text on the site and opens its CDN to the search crawlers. In the second month it rewrites the children's dentistry page answer-first and starts asking every patient for a review. In the third month its report shows the Accurate stage fixed, citations of the new page in one engine, and recommendations not yet moving. The next quarter's plan focuses on reviews and the second location's page.
After day 90
The second quarter looks like the first, with less setup. Keep the panel and the monthly report running, review the pages and profiles on their schedule, and pick the next weakest stage to work on. Add prompts only for new products or markets. Once a year, check that the engines you track are still the ones your buyers use, and adjust the list before you re-baseline.
Your plan
Every practice task in this course added a section to your AEO plan. The worksheet brings them together: engines, baseline, site fixes, off-site evidence and the program itself, with a summary on top. Finish the summary, share it with the people named as owners, and put the first monthly report in the calendar.
Key takeaways
- Set up the measuring stick in week one, fix access and accuracy in month one, then improve pages and evidence.
- Handle wrong answers as incidents: record, trace the source, correct, publish the fact, re-check later.
- Re-baseline when the panel, product, market or engines change significantly.
Practice task
Adds to your plan: Summary
- Open the worksheet and complete the summary: goal, top three priorities, owners and the date of the first report.
- Fill the 90-day table with your own owners and dates.
- Copy the plan as text or print it, and share it with everyone named in it.